The law of adultery as it stands in India punishes only man, and assumes that in all cases ‘man is the seducer’ and the women, who is an equal participant is viewed as a victim. There have been numerous debates about the discriminatory stance of the provision, The insistence of the National commission for women and the report of the Madhav Menon committee & the 42nd Report of the Law Commission of India, have breathed a new lease of life in the dying controversy. The law relating to adultery as existing in the Indian penal code under section 497 has been criticized ever since it’s commencement. Its validity both on the constitutional grounds as well as philosophical grounds has been challenged time and again. But the law still stands as it is.
For centuries, rural India has suffered a cycle of poverty, disempowerment and exploitation, mostly at the hands of the 3Bs – Brahmins, Banias and Babus. The FDI liberalization for the Retail sector bought many foreign companies to invest in Indian retail sector. The foreign MNC’s enter India with partnerships with home grown biggies like Reliance Industries, the Bharti group and Future Group. Billions are being invested in setting up massive retail chains to cold storage to warehouses to procure fresh farm produce from local farmers.
“Dalit Women face a triple burden of caste, class and gender”
--Ruth Manorama, Member, National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights
These words sum up the position of Dalit Women in present day society as being a class of individuals who cannot be classified independently and separately as Dalits or Women. The composite whole of Dalit Woman faces more oppression than separately as a Dalit or a Woman. The position of Dalit Women at the bottom of the caste, class and gender hierarchies exposes them to severe discrimination and violence as the result of heinously imbalanced social, economic and power equations. Despite the presence of Constitutional guarantees to safeguard their rights, the Dalit Women burn, regularly, in the flame of oppression from upper caste males. The complete understanding of the plight of these unfortunate women necessitates the understanding of the dynamics of caste and gender along with the study of the cultural and material dimensions of the intersection of caste-gender discrimination and violence. Many instances of this discrimination or violence never reach the media; the ones that do are horrifying enough to reveal a culture of violence, silence and impunity. This further exacerbates the denial of their rights to security of life and basic human dignity.
This is the second part of this series. You can find the first part here
Position of China
The People’s Republic of China acknowledges that outer space has become an integral part of man's life and contributes to the well-being and social progress of all countries. Thanks to its unremitting efforts over the years, the international community has adopted a series of international legal instruments, contributing to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space. China would like to emphasise that a peaceful and tranquil outer space free from weaponisation and arms race serves the common interests of all countries. It is therefore necessary for the international community to formulate new legal instruments to strengthen the current legal regime on outer space. The U.N. General Assembly has, for over twenty years, adopted resolutions with overwhelming majority, reiterating that the CD has the primary role in the negotiation of a multilateral agreement on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.
Outer space is the common heritage of the mankind. The exploration and utilisation of outer space for peaceful purposes is a universal aspiration and demand of the international community. For more than half a century, the development of space technology has enormously facilitated the economic, scientific and social progress of all nations. Meanwhile, it has also stimulated the research and development of outer-space-related weaponry and military technologies. Various combat theories and concepts related to space warfare have been unveiled. Outer space is faced with the danger of weaponisation and arms race.
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