Urbanization means the physical growth of urban areas by migration of people from rural areas to urban areas. A more technical definition is given by the United Nations as “Urbanization means movement of people from rural area to urban areas resulting population growth which is equal to urban migration.” In the above definition given by UN the key word is “movement”. Here movement signifies a process. When there is a ‘process’ it has always associated with some side effects. Here the topic says Urbanization has some hazards associated with it. Hazard means an unavoidable danger or risk. So it means urbanization though has many benefits it has some unavoidable risk and dangers associated with it. The following paragraphs describe the above topic in the following ways:-

1. Why urbanization takes place
2. The current scenario of urbanization (from a evolutionary point of view)
3. The hazards associated with it

1. Why urbanization takes place?

Urbanization may occur for the following reasons.

1. Economic reasons: - The urban areas offer better wage-labor opportunity than the rural areas due to the conglomeration of industrial and service sectors (primary and secondary economic activities). On the other hand the rural economic structure is waning because of a variety of reasons like: breakdown of jajmani system (in India), fragmentation of cultivation land, erratic monsoon and failure of crops etc. So the rural people head towards the urban areas to get employed as wage laborers in industries or construction sites or as maid servants (in case of females).
2. Spatial mobility:- When the head of the family is employed in any organization in the urban area, it is seen in many cases his family accompanies him there. So this results in movement to urban areas.
3. Educational reasons:- The premium institutes of higher educations are mainly located in the urban areas. So education results in migration to urban areas. Though on the surface it seems to be a temporary one but after education people don’t want to go back to the villages again and they settle in the urban areas for the lucrative job offers they provide. So the temporary migration becomes a permanent one.
4. Reverse urbanization:- When the cities grow the adjacent rural areas are gradually embedded in the urban area and form a urban agglomerate. In this way though there is no absolute migration from rural to urban areas still it is a case of urbanization. E.g. cities like Rio-De-Genera, Mexico City and Shanghai have spread in the above manner.

2. The current scenario of urbanization :-

The UN-Habitat report of 2008 says ten years down the line majority of the world population would be living in urban areas. The report for the first time used the term “Urban Millennium” to describe the phenomena of rapid urbanization. If one goes by the trends of urbanization it is seen that urbanization is highest in the developing countries because of the unstable socio-economic structure. If one goes by the continent wise urbanization is highest in Asia and Africa followed by Latin America. In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93% of urban growth will occur in Asia and Africa, and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By 2050 over 6 billion people, two thirds of humanity, will be living in towns and cities. Is urbanization a recent phenomenon? The answer will be no. The first process of urbanization started with industrial revolution. But it has become too obvious in the recent times due to its sheer magnitude.

(To be Continued.....)

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