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All the time we hear words like capitalist country, communist country or socialist country so much so that these words have become very obvious to us and our day to day language. But one should always remember that these are ideologies which affected the politico-sociology of this world in a veritable and magnanimous way. The rise of Soviet Union or the fall of it are not accidents in history but they are the continuous developments of human thought pattern over a long period of time---a quantitative process which culminated in a definitive development—a qualitative change.
So the words like communism or capitalism should be seen as some concepts and should be understood in a conceptual point of view. In the present article we tend to understand the philosophy of communism as a lay man would do. Here a caution is necessary. Communism has been defined and studied by various thinkers like Marx, Lenin, and Mao in different ways and the whole literature become very confusing and often contradicting. Here we shall be dealing with communism as Marx has understood and we would avoid all the contradictory theories.
What is the Background: - The theories of communism were first developed in a scientific form by Marx and Angels. Let’s understand briefly what led Marx to stride a hitherto unknown and revolutionary path. Marx lived in a capitalist Germany. He was not financially well off. In Germany he engaged in revolutionary writings and attracted imperial wrath. In order to avoid arrest and persecution, he fled to London. There he lived in a slum, with unhygienic condition and in absolute poverty. At that time London was the very epicenter of capitalism. Marx could see the suffering of man in a capitalist society very nearly because of his experience in the slum. He took it a personal mission in life to ameliorate the poverty stricken people living in a capitalist society. This resulted in a series of writings which later became the life and soul of what we call as Communism –The Marxism.
How shall we proceed to understand Marxism:-
Understanding Marxism is not a mean task. We have to ideally compartmentalize his views to have a general view on what he had said. The following loose compartments may serve our purpose.
1. Ideology
2. Scientific inquiry and Historical materialism
3. What is communism?
4. Production—Forces of Production, Relations of production and Modes of productions
5. Class and its base
6. Infrastructure-Superstructure
7. Marxism as a model of change in society
8. Where it ends
Ideology:
Marxism is based on the dialectical principles. The dialectical principles have three inter-connected principles:-
1. Unity and opposites: - According to this principle, opposite forces co-exist together. Any force as a separate entity has no meaning because it is more powerful or les powerful is determined by its interaction with an opposing force. For the interaction to take place, the opposite forces must co-exist.
2. Negation of negation: - According to this principle, change occurs in a continuous process. One state of affair or situation is changed by another situation and which in turn changed by a third situation and the process goes on. For example, let’s consider Situation A has some wrongs in it. So this situation is changed by certain forces exogenous or indigenous and this gives rise to say a situation B. But the wrongs of the situation A could not be wholly eradicated and B also develops its own wrongs. So it is again changed by another set of forces to a new situation C. Here Situation B is the negation of situation A and situation C is the negation of Situation B. Hence situation C becomes the negation of negation. This process continues.
3. Change from quantity to quality:- The processes of negation are the quantitative changes because the changes they bring about are mostly incremental in nature. The quantitative changes continue till a new situation is developed. For example in our previous example, the numerous exogenous and endogenous changes that occur within the situation A are called quantitative changes which culminate in a qualitative change in the form of a new situation B.
These three principles are the backbone of Marxian analysis of society and change. Another concept may be added here. Marx follows a principle directly oppose to Hegel. Hegel, a great thinker of 18th century has said ideas give rise to material prosperity. In layman terms Hegel says "I think, therefore I am." To him the society is based on ideas. But Marx turns Hegelian philosophy 180 degrees. He says the materials conditions give rise to ideas, means "I am therefore I think."
We will do more exploration in the next part.
Experts are welcome to post their criticisms and comment about this article.
These are the personal interpretations of the author about communism. The facts and theories cannot be assumed as absolute truth.
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Comments (14)
  written by Domarp, October 23, 2009
Nice analysis of Marxism so far...
 ..waiting for the full text so that picture is more clear...
 written by IdleMind, October 26, 2009
I feel great reading it. May be, I will expect a bit of exploring on the economics from which it all started. And yeah, there's a typo on the last name of the founder - it should be Fredrick Engels.
written by IdleMind, October 26, 2009
or as they write in German - Friedrich! nice pun to fry (punish) the richer class from those times.
 written by chiku, November 17, 2009
dear Mitrabhanu,
Frankly speaking i have not gone through this article. I'm searching for Mitrabhanu Mahapatra from Puri-G.M.Law College. I hope u r the same person i'm searching for.... sorry for the interruption.....
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